Introduction                                       vii
  PART ONE---PROJECT JUSTIFICATION AND               1  
  IMPLEMENTATION
    Conduct a Process Control Technology Audit       2  
    Estimating Control Function Benefits             6  
    Develop a Strategic Automation Plan              13 
    How to Justify Small-Refinery Info/Control       17 
    System Modernization
    Quantify Quality Control's Intangible Benefits   21 
    Improve Return on Advanced Controls              28 
    Process Control: CLIFFTENT Shows It's More       31 
    Profitable than Expected
    How to Lose Money with Advanced Controls         38 
    Avoid Advanced Control Project Mistakes          42 
    Tips for Control Engineers                       49 
    Benefits of Advanced Process Control             54 
    Maintenance
  PART TWO---MODEL-BASED CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION    63 
    Online Optimization: What, Where and             64 
    Estimating ROI?
    Online Optimization: What Have We Learned?       73 
    What's Wrong with Unit Closed-Loop               78 
    Optimization?
    Why a Simulation System Doesn't Match the        84 
    Plant
    Successful Closed-Loop Olefins Plant             87 
    Optimization
    Real-time Optimization: An ``Alternative''       91 
    Approach
    Integrate Empirical and Physical Modeling        97 
    Applying Neural Networks                         104
    Neural Network Modeling of Distillation          111
    Columns
    Consider Neural Networks for Process             115
    Identification
    Estimate Product Quality with ANNs               120
    Improve Control with Software Monitoring         126
    Technologies
    Online Soft Analyzers Benefit Refining           132
    Online Data Reconciliation and Error Detection   136
    Data Reconciliation with Unmeasured Variables    140
    Statistical Analysis Updates On-line             143
    Predictive Models
    Simplify Fuzzy Control Implementation            145
    Meet Changing Fuel Requirements with Online      150
    Blend Optimization
    LP Integrates Economics into Dynamic Matrix      154
    Control
  PART THREE---INFORMATION SYSTEMS                   162
    Understand Operation Information Systems         163
    Information System Master Planning               170
    Quantify Information System Benefits             178
    System Integration Improves Refining             191
    Reengineering Refinery Systems: The Next         196
    Generation Desktop
    Computerization: Problems and Solutions          200
    Select and Implement a Plantwide Information     207
    System
    Next Generation Plant Information Systems        214
    Measuring, Managing, and Maximizing Refinery     220
    Performance
    Manage Fuel Gas with an Expert System            226
    Integrated Terminal Operations Improves          229
    Profits
    Optimize the Supply Chain                        236
  PART FOUR---FRONTLINE CONTROL                      241
    Controlling Fired Heaters                        242
    Controlling Shell and Tube Exchangers            254
    Controlling Positive Displacement Pumps          262
    Controlling Steam Heaters                        269
    Controlling Centrifugal Pumps                    275
    Selecting and Applying Flowmeters                283
    Using Mass Meters for Liquid Measurement         292
    Advanced Level Control: Explained and Analyzed   297
    Tuning Averaging Level Controllers               302
    How to Choose an Online Analytical System        306
    Improve Process Analyzer Performance             311
    Use NIR Technology to Optimize Plant             317
    Operations
    Using PLCs in Safety Applications                322
    How Control Valves Impact Process Optimization   326
  Index                                              334