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Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation
Author: Allenby, Braden R.
Cover: Hard cover
List Price: $59.00
Published by Prentice Hall
Date Published: 06/1998
ISBN: 0139211802
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PART I: A NEW POLICY FRAMEWORK 1
1: INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 The Global Context 2
1.2 The Need for an Industrial Ecology 6
Approach
References 10
Exercises 10
2: OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY 11
INTELLECTUAL FRAMEWORK
References 15
Exercises 16
3: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 17
3.1 Sustainable Development: Definition 17
3.2 Implications of Sustainable Development 18
3.3 Ideological Dimensions of Sustainable 20
Development
3.4 The Master Equation 22
3.4.1 Environmental Impact 22
3.4.1.1 Maintaining the existence of the 24
human species
3.4.1.2 Developing and maintaining the 25
capacity for sustainable development
3.4.1.3 Biodiversity 25
3.4.1.4 Aesthetic richness 26
3.4.1.5 Are current levels of 26
environmental impact sustainable?
3.4.2 Population 27
3.4.3 Per Capita Wealth 29
3.4.4 Environmental Impact per Unit of 32
Production
3.4.5 Culture and Technology 33
3.5 Human Carrying Capacity and Social 34
Free Will
3.5.1 Human Carrying Capacity 34
3.5.2 Social Free Will 35
References 38
Exercises 39
4: INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY 40
4.1 Definition of Industrial Ecology 40
4.2 History of Industrial Ecology 41
4.3 Industrial Ecology Model Systems 43
4.3.1 Systems Orientation 46
4.3.2 Complexity and Carrying Capacity 47
4.3.3 Scale Issues 47
4.3.4 Co-evolution of Human and Natural 47
Systems
4.4 Principles of Industrial Ecology 51
4.5 Perspectives on Industrial Ecology 53
4.6 Illustrative Case Study: The 54
Automotive Technology System
4.6.1 Evolution of the Automotive as 54
Artifact
4.6.2 Stages in the Integration of 55
Environment and Technology
4.6.3 The Automotive Technology System 57
References 61
Exercises 62
5: INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE 63
5.1 Definition 63
5.2 Establishing Appropriate Regulatory 64
Policies
5.3 Identification and Prioritization of 65
Risks, Costs, and Benefits
5.4 Prioritizing Values 66
5.5 Research and Development 67
References 68
Exercises 68
6: APPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE: SECTOR 69
INITIATIVES
6.1 Applications to Practice 69
6.2 Design For Environment (DFE) 70
6.3 Sustainable Agriculture 71
6.4 Sustainable Forestry 73
6.5 Sustainable Fisheries 74
6.6 Integrated Materials Management 76
6.7 Environmentally Preferable Services 81
6.7.1 The Information Revolution 85
6.8 Green Construction 89
6.9 Energy 90
References 94
Exercises 95
7: APPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE: TECHNIQUES AND 96
TOOLS
7.1 The Role of Techniques and Tools 96
7.2 Sustainability Indicators, Metrics, 97
and Sensors
7.2.1 Integrated Indicator Systems 97
7.2.2 Indicator System Development 99
7.3 Economic Reform 104
7.3.2 Green Accounting Systems 106
7.4 Design for Environment and Life-Cycle 108
Assessment Tools
7.5 Biological Engineering 109
7.6 Comprehensive Risk Assessment 111
Methodologies
References 112
Exercises 113
8: APPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE: RESEARCH AND 114
DEVELOPMENT
8.1 Why Research and Development Matters 114
8.2 Changing Research and Development 116
Patterns
8.3 Funding Industrial Ecology Research 117
8.4 Illustrative Industrial Ecology 119
Research and Development Projects
8.4.1 Material Stock and Flow Models 119
8.4.2 Energy System Models 119
8.4.3 Physical Models of Communities 120
8.4.4 Sector Models 120
8.4.5 Technological Evolution 120
8.4.6 Industrial Ecology Policy Studies 121
8.4.7 Data Management and Integration 121
8.5 An Overview of Industrial Ecology 121
Research Requirements
8.5.1 Analytical Units 121
8.5.2 Types of Analysis 124
8.5.3 Metrics 124
8.5.4 Evaluating a Small Community 125
8.6 Earth Systems Science and Engineering 126
References 128
Exercises 128
PART II: INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY POLICY DEVELOPMENT 131
9: COMPLEX SYSTEMS 133
9.1 Why Assumptions about Systems Matter 133
9.2 Simple and Complex Systems 134
9.2.1 Linearity 136
9.2.2 Causality 136
9.2.3 Lags, Discontinuities, Limits, and 136
Thresholds
9.2.4 Process as Endpoint 137
9.2.5 Emergent Behavior 137
9.2.6 System Evolution 138
9.3 Integrating System Levels in 139
Industrial Ecology
9.4 Policy Implications of System Structure 139
9.5 An Information Dense, Sustainable 142
Economy
9.5.1 The Automotive Technology System, 142
Information, and Complexity
9.5.2 Defining the Information Density 144
of an Economy
References 146
Exercises 147
10: RISKS, COSTS, AND BENEFITS 148
10.1 Overview 148
10.2 Cost/Benefit Analysis 149
10.3 Risk Assessment 150
10.4 Comprehensive Risk Assessments (CRAs) 154
10.5 Development of a Comprehensive Risk 157
Assessment Methodology
10.6 Integrating Risk, Costs, and Benefits 159
into a Comprehensive Policy Support
Assessment
References 161
Exercises 162
11: ECONOMIC ISSUES 163
11.1 Overview 163
11.2 Elements of Economic Theory and 164
Practice
11.2.1 Issues of Scale 164
11.2.2 Issues of Scope 165
11.2.3 Discount Rates 167
11.2.4 Substitutability versus 168
Complementarity of Resources
11.2.5 Externalities 169
11.2.6 Rational Agents 170
11.2.7 Static versus Dynamic Analysis 171
11.3 Labor Impacts 173
11.4 Finance, Capital, and Investment 174
References 176
12: LEGAL ISSUES 178
12.1 Fundamental Legal Issues 180
12.1.1 Intragenerational Equity 182
12.1.2 Intergenerational Equity 182
12.1.3 Flexibility of Legal Tools 183
12.1.4 Regulatory Management Structure 184
12.1.4.1 Boundary Conditions versus 185
Targeted Intervention
12.1.4.2 Decentralized Mechanisms versus 185
Centralized Micromanagement
12.1.5 Determining Appropriate 186
Jurisdictional Level
12.1.5.1 Policy Harmonization 187
12.1.5.2 Integrating Policy Hierarchies 188
12.2 Specific Legal Issues 189
12.2.1 Trade and Environment 189
12.2.2 Consumer Protection Law 190
12.2.3 Government Procurement 191
12.2.4 Government Standards and 192
Specifications
12.2.5 Antitrust 193
12.2.6 Existing Environmental Law 194
References 195
Exercises 195
13: GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE AND INDUSTRIAL 197
ECOLOGY POLICY FORMULATION
13.1 Overview 197
13.2 Policy Life Cycle 197
13.3 Temporal and Geographic Scale 199
Considerations
13.3.1 Increasing Flexibility and 200
Generality with Time
13.3.2 Reliance on Incentives 200
13.3.3 Increasing Culture Change 201
Dimension Over Time
13.3.4 Linking Policy with Long-Term 201
National Goals
13.4 Relevant Dimensions of National States 202
13.4.1 Form of Government 202
13.4.2 Wealth 202
13.4.3 Size of Market 203
13.4.4 Issue 203
13.4.5 Culture and Ideology 203
13.4.6 Relationship Between Private and 204
Public Sectors
13.4.7 Factors Affecting Development 205
13.5 Regulatory Structure 205
References 215
Exercises 215
14: THE PRIVATE FIRM 217
14.1 Overview 217
14.2 The Firm as Evil Black Box 218
14.3 Environment as Strategic for the Firm 220
14.4 Implementing Industrial Ecology 223
14.4.1 Establish Tactical Organizational 224
Structures
14.4.2 Establish Training Programs 224
14.4.3 Establish Technical Support 225
14.4.4 Generate Initial Successes 225
References 225
Exercises 226
PART III: CASE STUDIES 227
15: STRUCTURED DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT CASE 229
STUDY: THE AT&T MATRIX SYSTEM
15.1 Overview 229
15.2 The Materials Matrix System 231
15.2.1 Characteristics of a Material 232
Environmental Evaluation Matrix
15.2.2 Matrix Structure 233
15.2.3 The Materials Matrix Checklist 236
References 245
Exercises 246
16: IS THE PRIVATE FIRM COMPATIBLE WITH A 247
SUSTAINABLE WORLD?
16.1 Introduction to the Case 247
16.2 The Private Firm 249
16.3 The Firm as Agent in a Complex System 252
16.4 Recent Trends 253
16.4.1 The Fundamental Conflict Between 253
Uncontrolled Growth and an
Environmentally Constrained World
16.4.2 Firms and Technology 254
16.4.3 Firms and Social Costing 255
16.4.4 Scale and Scope of Firms 256
16.4.5 Current Evolutionary Trends 257
16.5 A Planned Evolution of the Private 261
Firm?
References 263
Exercises 263
17: POLICY CASE STUDY: THE NETHERLANDS 265
17.1 Introduction 265
17.2 Policy Overview and Indicator 265
Development
17.3 Target Groups 267
17.4 Covenants 268
17.5 Product Life-Cycle Policy 269
17.6 Program Scope 271
17.7 Role of Technology 272
17.8 Program Evaluation 274
References 276
Exercises 277
18: ENHANCED NATIONAL SECURITY CASE STUDY: 279
THE UNITED STATES
18.1 Introduction 279
18.2 The MILSPEC/MILSTD Ozone Depletion 280
Example
18.3 Changing Dimensions of National 282
Security
18.3.1 Environmental Security as U.S. 282
Policy
18.3.2 Environmental Foreign Policy 284
versus Environmental Security
18.3.3 Collaborative versus Adversarial 286
Approaches to Post Cold War Security
Issues
18.4 The Role of Institutional Cultures 286
and Capabilities
18.5 Environmental Security Test 288
18.6 An Operational Definition of 288
Environmental Security
18.7 Intentional and Unintentional 290
Perturbations
18.8 Structuring the Environmental 291
Security Mission
18.9 Prioritizing Environmental Security 294
Issues
18.9.1 Water and Food in Mexico 296
18.9.2 Nuclear Materials 298
18.10 Conclusion 301
References 301
Exercises 302
INDEX 303
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